One Hundred Years Of Solitude Essays - Thousand Cranes, Clotho

One Hundred Years of Solitude Since the beginning of time, man has clung to the notion that there exists some external force that determines his destiny. In Grecian times, the epic poet Hesoid wrote of a triumvirate of mythological Fates that supposedly gave "to men at birth evil and good to have". In other words, these three granted man his destiny. Clotho "spun the thread of life", Lacheis distributed the lots, and Atropos with his "abhorred shears" would "cut the thread at death"(Hamilton-43). All efforts to avoid the Fates were in vain. In every case their sentence would eventually be delivered. And it appears that once the Fates' ballot had been cast, the characters in Greek myths had no chance for redemption. One must wonder if man, like the Greeks portrayed, has any real choice in determining how he lives. That issue of choice arises when comparing Gabriel Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude and Yasunari Kawabata's Thousand Cranes. The men in Yasunari Kawabata's Thousand Cranes and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude forever seem to be repeating the lives of their male ancestors. These cycles reveal that man as a being, just like the mythological heros, has no true choice in the ultimate course his life will take. The male characters' personal development is overshadowed by the identity of their ancestors. Clotho, it appears, has recycled some of her spinning thread. The new male generations, superficially, are perceived to be woven of like design. Kikuji Mitani and the male Buendia's face communities that remember their ancestors. As a result, their unique communities inadvertently compare the actions of the sons to their respective fathers', having recognized the apparent similarities. Eclipsed by his father's aura, within his village, Kikuji's identity has no separate definition. To most townsfolk, like those at Chikako's tea ceremony, Kikuji exists as "Old Mr. Mitani's son"(16). He and his father are therefore viewed as essentially the same person. Kikuji can take no action to change the village's preformed perception. In contrast, The Aurelianos and Jose Arcadios have been set into a self that their name, not their upbringing, dictate. Ursula, after many years drew some conclusions about "the insistent repetition of names"(106) within the Buendia family. While the eldest Jose Arcadio Buendia was slightly crazy, his raw maleness is transferred to all the Jose Arcadio's that follow. They tended to be "impulsive and enterprising" though "marked with a tragic sign"(186). On the other hand, the Aurelianos, corresponding to the open-eyed Colonel, seem to be "indifferent"(15) and "withdrawn"(186) yet sparked with a "fearless curiosity"(15). The Aurelianos' tendency towards solitude that shut the Colonel away in his later years, would generations later, give his distant descendant Aureliano Babilonia the stamina to decipher Melquiades scriptures(422). Together, this perfunctory family tradition seemed to influence the course these men's live's would take in the same way that Kikuji's perception by his community lopped him into the path of his father. And just as Kikuji could not change the villages preformed opinions, the named Buendia males can have no hand in changing their given characters. The men's selection of lovers, in turn, continues to perpetuate their cycle of behavior shared with their relatives. Despite warnings, Kikuji Mitani and the Buendia men engage in hazardous sexual activity that harbors grave consequences. Lacheis' lots, in this case, are inevitable. Choice and independent action are impossible for these men since Lacheis has distributed the familial key to their female attractions. There is an eerie twist in Kikuji's Mitani's love affairs with his father's mistress and her daughter. His first encounter with Mrs. Ota leaves Kikuji suspicious of the affair where agewise, "Mrs. Ota was at least forty-five , some twenty years older than Kikuji"(28). However, despite the generation gap, during their encounter Kikuji had felt that he "had a woman younger than he in his arms"(28). Mrs. Ota had substituted Kikuji as his father, thus forcing Kikuji to follow in his fathers footsteps. Kikuji is not oblivious to the strange path his love life seems to be taking, yet he does nothing to resist. Instead, a defiant Kikuji asserting that he had not been seduced determines, it was something else that had drawn him to her. The "something else" was

Things Your Tween Should Do Before Middle School Ends

Things Your Tween Should Do Before Middle School Ends It​ may  seem like your tween began middle school just a few months ago, but time has a way of passing us by. If your tweens middle school experience is coming to an end, there are  a few ways you can help him or her remember their time and prepare for the high school experience. Here are a few things your tween should do before the final day of middle school approaches. It will be here before you know it.   Attend a Middle School Dance   If your child has avoided dances or other social gatherings while in middle school now is the chance to attend one before the year is out. Encourage your tween to go to a school dance, carnival, concert, or other school function before middle school ends. If he or she is shy about going alone, have him or her gather a group of friends to attend together. Take pictures and give them suggestions on making it through the event if they feel awkward or out of place.   Take Pictures Your tween thinks that he or she will remember everything from middle school forever, but that isnt the case. Encourage your tween to take photos of the school, friends, and even teachers. Also, have him or her go through their locker and school binders for notes, handouts or other items that would be fun to keep for later. If your tween is creative, he or she can combine photos and other items into a fun scrapbook to enjoy for years to come. Also, if your family budget allows, be sure to purchase a yearbook so that your child can have friends sign it and keep as a forever reminder. Thank Those Middle School Teachers   Chances are your child had a few teachers during the middle school years that he or she really liked and who had a positive impact on your tween. Nows the time to thank them for all they did. Your tween can write personal thank you notes for his or her special teachers, or just leave a simple Thank You on the teachers white board as a surprise. If your child wants to do something special, he or she could bake brownies or find a special teacher gift for favorite middle school teachers.   Make a List of Top Middle School Events When your tween is older he or she will have fun looking back on the middle school experience. Encourage your child to make lists of middle school events, friends, etc. He or she could even get friends involved by asking them for their list of favorite middle school experiences. Tuck the lists away in his or her yearbook so he or she can enjoy reading them later.   Visit Your New High School   If middle school is coming to an end, that means that high school is just around the corner. See if your tween can visit the new school or attend a school orientation. Seeing a new campus will help your tween get excited about entering high school and it might even give him or her ideas on activities to join or try. Also, encourage your tween to visit the high school website to learn more about classes, clubs and other school events. Plan an End of Middle School Party   If youre up for it, allow your tween to have a gathering of middle school friends to bid farewell to middle school and hello to high school. You could invite a few close friends, or make it a large gathering, depending on your situation. Food, music and a slideshow of pictures from middle school will allow the children to appreciate their middle school days and get ready for high school.

Why the Illinois v. Wardlow Case Still Matters Today

Why the Illinois v. Wardlow Case Still Matters Today Illinois v. Wardlow is not a Supreme Court case that most Americans know well enough to cite by name, but the ruling has made a serious impact on policing. It gave authorities in high-crime neighborhoods the green light to stop people for behaving suspiciously. The high court’s decision has not only been linked to a rising number of stop-and-frisks but to high-profile police killings as well. It has also been held responsible for creating more inequities in the criminal justice system. Does the 2000 Supreme Court decision deserve the blame? With this review of Illinois v. Wardlow, get the facts about  the case and its consequences today. Fast Facts: Illinois v. Wardlow Case Argued: November 2, 1999Decision Issued:  January 12, 2000Petitioner: State of IllinoisRespondent: Sam WardlowKey Questions: Does a suspect’s sudden and unprovoked flight from identifiable police officers patrolling a known high-crime area justify the officers stopping that person, or does it violate the Fourth Amendment?Majority Decision: Justices Rehnquist, OConnor, Kennedy, Scalia, and ThomasDissenting: Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsberg, and BreyerRuling: The officer was justified in suspecting that the accused was involved in criminal activity and, therefore, in investigating further. There was no violation of the Fourth Amendment. Should Police Have Stopped Sam Wardlow? On Sept. 9, 1995, two Chicago police officers were driving through a Westside neighborhood known for drug trafficking when they spotted William â€Å"Sam† Wardlow. He stood beside a building with  a bag in hand. But when Wardlow noticed the police driving through, he broke into a sprint. After a brief chase, the officers cornered Wardlow and frisked him. During the search, they found a loaded .38-caliber handgun. They then arrested Wardlow, who argued in court that the gun shouldn’t have been entered into evidence because the police lacked a reason to stop him. An Illinois trial court disagreed, convicting him of â€Å"unlawful use of a weapon by a felon.† The Illinois Appellate Court reversed the lower court’s decision, asserting that the arresting officer didn’t have cause to stop and frisk Wardlow. The Illinois Supreme Court ruled along similar lines, arguing that Wardlow’s stop violated the Fourth Amendment. Unfortunately for Wardlow, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, reached a different conclusion. It found: â€Å"It was not merely respondent’s presence in an area of heavy narcotics trafficking that aroused the officers’ suspicion but his unprovoked flight upon noticing the police. Our cases have also recognized that nervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion. ...Headlong flight- wherever it occurs- is the consummate act of evasion: it is not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, but it is certainly suggestive of such.† According to the court, the arresting officer hadn’t misstepped by detaining Wardlow because officers must make commonsense judgments to decide if someone is behaving suspiciously. The court said that its interpretation of the law did not contradict other rulings giving people the right to ignore police  officers and go about their business when approached by them. But Wardlow, the court said, had done the opposite of going about his business by running away. Not everyone in the legal community agrees with this take. Criticism of Wardlow U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, now retired, wrote the dissent in Illinois v. Wardlow. He broke down the possible reasons people might run when encountering police officers. â€Å"Among some citizens, particularly minorities and those residing in high crime areas, there is also the possibility that the fleeing person is entirely innocent, but, with or without justification, believes that contact with the police can itself be dangerous, apart from any criminal activity associated with the officer’s sudden presence.† African Americans, in particular, have discussed their distrust and fear of law enforcement for years. Some would even go so far to say that they have developed PTSD-like symptoms because of their experiences with police. For these individuals, running from the authorities is likely instinct rather than a signal that they’ve committed a crime. Additionally, former police chief and government official Chuck Drago pointed out to Business Insider how Illinois v. Wardlow affects the public differently based on income level. â€Å"If the police are driving down a middle-class neighborhood, and the officer sees someone turn and run into their house, that’s not enough to follow them,† he said. â€Å"If he’s in a high-crime area though, there may be enough for reasonable suspicion. It’s the area he’s in, and those areas tend to be to impoverished and African American and Hispanic.† Poor black and Latino neighborhoods already have a greater police presence than white suburban areas. Authorizing police to detain anyone who runs from them in these areas increases the odds that residents will be racially profiled and arrested. Those familiar with Freddie Gray, the Baltimore man who died in police custody in 2015 after a â€Å"rough ride,† argue that Wardlow played a role in his death. Officers apprehended Gray only after he â€Å"fled unprovoked upon noticing police presence.† They found a switchblade on him and arrested him. However,  if the authorities had been prohibited from pursuing Gray simply because he fled from them in a high-crime neighborhood, he may very well still be alive today, his advocates argue. News of his death sparked protests across the country and unrest in Baltimore. The year after Gray’s death, the Supreme Court decided 5-3 in Utah v. Strieff to let police use the evidence they’ve collected during unlawful stops in some circumstances. Justice Sonia Sotomayor expressed her dismay at the decision, arguing that the high court has already given the authorities ample opportunity to stop members of the public for little to no reason. She cited Wardlow and several other cases in her dissent. â€Å"Although many Americans have been stopped for speeding or jaywalking, few may realize how degrading a stop can be when the officer is looking for more. This Court has allowed an officer to stop you for whatever reason he wants- so long as he can point to a pretextual justification after the fact.â€Å"That justification must provide specific reasons why the officer suspected you were breaking the law, but it may factor in your ethnicity, where you live, what you were wearing and how you behaved (Illinois v. Wardlow). The officer does not even need to know which law you might have broken so long as he can later point to any possible infraction- even one that is minor, unrelated, or ambiguous.† Sotomayor went on to argue that these questionable stops by police can easily escalate to officers looking through a person’s belongings, frisking the individual for weapons and performing an intimate bodily search. She argued unlawful police stops make the justice system unfair, endanger lives and corrode civil liberties. While young black men like Freddie Gray have been stopped by police lawfully under Wardlow, their detainment and subsequent arrests cost them their lives. The Effects of Wardlow A 2015 report by the American Civil Liberties Union found that in the city of Chicago, where Wardlow was stopped for fleeing, police disproportionately stop and frisk young men of color. African Americans constituted 72 percent of people stopped. Also, police stops overwhelmingly took place in majority-minority neighborhoods. Even in areas where blacks make up a small percentage of residents, such as Near North, where they make up only 9 percent of the population, African Americans comprised 60 percent of people stopped. These stops don’t make communities safer, the ACLU argued. They deepen the divides between the police and the communities they’re supposed to serve.

Self evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Self evaluation - Essay Example ffective communication skills enhance the effectiveness of the professional training in human services thereby ensuring that I know how to communicate to specific audiences. I will have the concept and mechanism of communicating thereby develop reliable professional relationships. I am a respectful individual who will uphold the ethical values and the dignity of human life. I understand that I will work with vulnerable individuals in the society. My respectful personality that arises from the values I uphold will ensure that I maintain productive relationships both with the patients and colleagues thus improve the success of the programs. Furthermore, such a personality ensures that I endear to my clients who will in turn trust and open up to me thus making helping them easier (Dewane, 2005). Finally, I am a tolerant individual capable of tolerating people from various backgrounds. I maintain peace when interacting with people and strive to pay attention to their demands. I often speak after understanding the nature of my audience. Tolerance is an important feature in human services since the profession requires interacting and helping people from diverse backgrounds. The people often portray unique personalities and may behave different. As a tolerant individual, I have the ability to interact with such people and help win their trust thus help them appropriately. Unfortunately, I have a number of weakness key among which is my small physique, which may hamper the need to undertake strenuous activities in order to reach people especially in time of calamities (Neukrug, 2001). Despite such, I am a skilled driver, can operate a number of machinery, and will therefore prove helpful in a number of ways during such situations. I lack endurance to strenuous activities and companies. While I am a tolerant individual, I do not like engaging in strenuous activities that cause either physical or psychological exhaustion. The personality is a major impediment to work in

Parental Involvement in Childs Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Parental Involvement in Childs Education - Essay Example The key findings on the effects of parental involvement are likewise summarized based on a compilation of recent research findings. The quality of education is one of the major social issues all over the world, from developing countries in Africa to highly developed ones like America and Europe. The reason is rather easy to see in a world where natural resources are dwindling and the competition for economic power and a high quality of life is intensifying. Ultimately, the continued economic progress of nations would be determined by the quality of their human resources, which in turn depends on the quality of a nation's educational system (Glatthorn, 1999). In America, for example, a government-led initiative that came to be known as the "No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001" was meant "to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessment" (NCLB, 2002, Section 1001). As the law's main aim was to improve the quality of education, educators have been asking uncomfortable but important questions as to how such a goal could be attained. Among the many proposed measures that could have a lasting and positive effect on improving education quality is one that is based on the hypothesis that a lack of parental involvement is detrimental to a child's education. This paper aims to prove the above hypothesis by using research findings to show that the following proposition is true: that increased parental involvement provides beneficial effects on the child's education. Also discussed would be several findings on the ways parents get involved in the education of their children; which type of involvement works best; the effects of parental involvement on student attitudes, self-concept, classroom behavior, and attendance; and at what levels of the child's education would parental involvement be useful. These findings are then summarized into seven major insights on the effects of parental involvement on their children's learning process and ways to encourage and sustain these based on experiences in the U.S. Parental involvement can be characterized in many ways, but all the literature on the topic agree that it includes various forms by which parents participate in their children's education and with the way education is carried out in schools. The range of parental involvement activities is wide: active tutoring of children at home, helping them with homework, becoming role models of positive behavior by showing eagerness to learn and study, or encouraging their children to learn, providing an appropriate place and time for serious study, and supporting their children's schooling by attending school functions and participating in school obligations (PTA, student plays, parent-child excursions, etc.). Parents can also extend their involvement outside the home-school environment by political lobbying, volunteering for community-based school projects, or getting public or corporate

Concept of liberalization:

Concept of liberalization: Introduction: The early 1990s was an era of intense changes in the Indian economic system. The torrent of international companies that we see today in India was born as a result of the economic transitions the country went through in 1991. It was the age of relaxation of a number of rules popularly known as â€Å"Liberalization†. With liberalization, there was an increase in competition and certain categories were facing competition for the first time. There could be no lackadaisical attitude on the part of the companies existing pre-liberalization as the whole economic system was overthrown to willingly accommodate more players. Liberalization had far reaching impacts. One are which it impacted significantly was the arena of advertising. Organizations couldnt take their customers for granted as there were other organizations waiting to eat into their market share. Advertisements hence became a more incisive tool for organizations to make their presence felt and appeal to their target audie nce. It is this change in the pattern of advertising that this thesis wishes to track. Literature Review Exploring the Concept of Liberalization: â€Å"in July 1991 with the announcement of sweeping liberalization by the minority government of P.V. Narasimha Rao opened the economy dismantled import controls, lowered customs duties, and devalued the currency virtually abolished licensing controls on private investment, dropped tax rates, and broke public sector monopolies. We felt as though our second independence had arrived: we were going to be free from a rapacious and domineering state† Das (2000), on the reforms that originated with the July 1991 package announced by Manmohan Singh (Panagariya, 2004). To ‘Liberalize means remove or loosen restrictions on (something typically an economic or political system).   Generally, Liberalization (Liberalisation) refers to removal or relaxation of restrictions imposed by the previous government usually in areas of economic or social policy.   In the area of social policy, liberalization refers to the relaxation of laws for example, laws on homosexuality, drugs, abortion, divorce etc.   In the area of economic policy, liberalization can either be privatized or be liberalized.   Like, India has liberalized various markets, instituting a system of competition, but still some of the departments like Gas and Energy remain partially or completely in government ownership. The economic liberalization in India refers to the current reforms in India.   The Indian economy was liberalized in 1991.   That marked the end of â€Å"License Raj†.   License Raj, also known as Permit Raj, was the brainchild of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister.   It was the result of Nehrus decision to have a planned economy in India where all the aspects of economy are controlled by the government (state).   License Raj refers to the elaborate licenses and regulations and the accompanying ‘red tape, which was required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 80s, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi eased restrictions; removed price controls and reduced corporate taxes. This did increase the rate of growth, but it in turn led to high fiscal deficits and a worsening current account. Soviet Union, Indias major trading partner collapsed at the same time and the first Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices, caused a major balance-of-payments crisis for India. The Gulf war also led to a reduction in repatriation from expatriate workers (an important source of foreign exchange at that time).   India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from IMF, which in return demanded reforms.   In response to this, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and the finance minister Manmohan Singh initiated the economic liberalization of 1991. The reforms did away with the License Raj and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. On licensing, the new policy explicitly stated, â€Å"industrial licensing will henceforth be abolished for all industries, except those specified, irrespective of levels of investment.† (Sivadasan, 2007) Liberalization is about Encouraging growth of private sector Simplification of policy, regulation, tax structure Facilitating Foreign Direct Investment Restructuring public sector for efficiencies Providing incentives for exports and allowing more imports Put emphasis on modernization of plants and equipment through liberalized imports of capital goods and technology (Sivadasan, 2007) Expose the Indian industry to competition by gradually reducing the import restrictions and tariffs Moving away from protection of small scale industries Realization that economies of scale is necessary for economic growth (Singh Shankar, 2008) Life before 1991 Various rules were imposed on foreign companies operating in India, under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (1973).   Foreign ownership rates were restricted to below 40% in most industries. In addition, restrictions were placed on the use of foreign brand names, on remittances of dividends abroad and on the proportion of local content in output (under the Phased Manufacturing Program).  Ã‚   (Sivadasan, 2007) Very limited brands available on the supermarket shelves Upto 97% taxes on private players High-level corruption.   Frustrated Entrepreneurs State monopoly in many key sectors including TV broadcast.   Hence, the monopoly of Doordarshan. [Television and public policy: change and continuity in an era of global liberalization, David Ward, 2009] Legendary battle between the two textile magnates Dhirubhai Ambani and Nusli Wadia in the latter part of 1986.   The battle between these 2 corporate rivals Dhirubhai Ambani, Chairman Reliance Industries Ltd., is not the first in the history but the weapons such as the Press employed by them on the large scale is certainly without a parallel. This shattered the concept of objective journalism in a business controlled press (Aggarwal, 1989) Movies of that era young man rebelling against the ‘system a reflection of common mans angst against a state-run, corrupt, bureaucratic machinery which slowed down the progress of India rather than facilitating it. Life after 1991 Foreign direct investors were now allowed up to 51% equity stakes in certain industries, under the â€Å"automatic approval route. Further, restrictions relating to use of foreign brands, remittances of dividend and local content were relaxed. Following these reforms, there was a significant increase in amount of foreign direct investment into India(Sivadasan, 2007) Media Explosion Introduction of Cable TVs.   Since most of the Doordarshans programming was seen to be unimaginative and dull, large audiences switched to satellite television channels made available through cable. Influx of western ideas and lifestyle Conspicuous consumption Entry of foreign players and hence multiple players in each category.   Great increase in competition and hence, customer at the advantage Increase in challenges of Media Planning and Brand Building due to the widespread channels Emergence of TVR, GRPs, TAM ratings etc  · Much more buoyant and optimistic state of mind was reflected in Bollywood.   Hence, all soft, mushy, romantic blockbusters like ‘Hum Aapke Hai Kaun,Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jaayenge,Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (Joshi, 2001) Defining Advertising: Advertising is so familiar to modern readers that it may seem odd to ask what an advertisement is.   Although advertising is all around us perhaps because it is all around us we dont often pause to think about its nature as a form of discourse, as a system of language use. There are multiple definitions of advertising like ‘Advertising is simply one of many available channels of communication and ‘Advertisements are the messages that advertising carries, in an attempt to achieve those ends. Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services or ideas Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message placement Any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people is Advertising Of few of the above mentioned definitions, I could best relate advertising being ‘any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people Paid-for Any advertisement that is not paid for is not an advertisement Communication Every advertisement is attempting to bridge a gap between a sender and one or more potential receivers.   That bridge is a form of communication. Intended Not all advertisements ‘work, in the sense of achieving their desired objectives, but they are nonetheless part of advertising. Inform and/or influence The purely informative advertisement may be rare and the distinction between information and persuasion may be difficult to draw, but an advertisement does not have to set out to influence either attitude or behavior in order to qualify (Bullmore, 2003) History of Advertising Worlds first ever advertisements appeared some 3000 years B.C. as ‘stencilled inscriptions on bricks made by the Babylonians. History tells us that out-of-home advertising and Billboards are the oldest form of advertising.   Printed advertising began to make itsappearance for ‘Royal announcements in early Europe: China, Turkey, England (1100 -1711). Moving on to American advertising in 1729 1850; several changes occurred interms of medium, message, manner of presentation. These changes are nothing but areflection of the social, economical and technological changes over time. Changing times and society called up for changes in the way advertising was planned. There has been one or the other peculiar aspect of advertising strategy, which kept it growing in volumes of success and importance. In 1870 the first ‘Brand advertisement for St. Jacobs Oil appeared and this phenomenon continued till early 80s. Further ‘slogans and trade characters took over the job. Then there came a time to appeal; variety of creative appeals (humor, sex, fear, love, affection etc.) made the further way up for advertising (Pincas Loiseau, 2008) Medium of Advertising Medium is nothing but a channel that carries the Advertisers message.   There are six major categories of advertising media 1. Print Media refers to any published, printed medium such as Newspapers and magazines. a. Newspapers are one of the traditional mediums used by all types of businesses to promote their product or service or idea. Advantages Huge reach in a given geographic area Flexibility in deciding the size and the placement of the ad Exposure to the ad is not limited.   People can go back to see the ad Quick turn around.   The ad if decided to run today can be in the hands of the customers in a day or two Disadvantages: Expensive ad space Lot of competition Poor photo production Highly visible medium, and hence the competitors can quickly react to your prices Newspapers facing stiff competitions from internet b. Magazines more focused, expensive compared to newspapers Advantages: Better targeting of audience Higher reader involvement and hence more attention paid to the advertisement Better color reproduction Disadvantages: Long lead time Limited flexibility in terms of ad placement and format Higher costs compared to newspapers 2. Electronic Media consists of radio and television a. Radio is a universal medium enjoyed at one time or another during the day. Advantages: Negotiable rates Less inflation in radio media compared to other media Disadvantages: Listener cannot go back to the ads for the important points Ads, an interruption in the entertainment Radio is a background medium.   Most listeners are doing something else while listening b. Television permits you to reach large number of people Advantages: Television permits you to reach large numbers of people on a national or regional level in a short period of time New opportunities to pinpoint local audiences Television being an image-building and visual medium, it offers the ability to convey your message with sight, sound and motion Disadvantages: Lot of competition.   Requires multiple exposure for the ad to get noticed Preferred ad times are often sold out far in advance Relatively expensive in terms of creative, production and airtime costs Limited length of exposure, as most ads are only thirty seconds long or less, which limits the amount of information you can communicate 3. Out-of-home media is focused on marketing to consumers when they are on the go in public places, in transit, waiting (such as in a medical office), and/or in specific commercial locations. a. Out door advertising: is essentially used for any type of advertising that reaches the consumer while he or she is outside the home. Advantages: Specific Target Audience Good for branding and positioning Creates greater consumer awareness Disadvantages: Less effective in tactical and short term campaigns b. Transit Advertising: Transit advertising is typically advertising placed on anything, which moves, such as buses, subway advertising, truckside, and taxis, but also includes fixed static and electronic advertising at train and bus stations and platforms. Airport advertising, which helps businesses address an audience while traveling, is also included in this category. Advantages: Good for all ranges of a businesses advertising budget You get what you pay for A target audience is exposed to a single advertisement for a long period of time It picks up the speed due to frequency Timeliness Geographical selectivity Disadvantages: People on transit may not even notice such advertisements, simply because they became used to transit advertising Many of those people may not be interested in you and your product at all; hence, transit ads are not easy to target despite the high level of reach * Design limitations 4. Internet Advertising is a form of promotion that uses Internet and World Wide Web for communicating with the customers. Advantages: Rapidly growing industry Affluent market Selective Targeting Interactive medium Immediate Response In-depth information Disadvantages: Security and Privacy Slow downloads Global marketing limits Untested medium 5. Direct Mailers is a marketing technique in which the seller sends marketing messages directly to the buyer. Direct mail include catalogs or other product literature with ordering opportunities; sales letters; and sales letters with brochures Advantages: Personalized marketing message Effectiveness of the response can be easily measured Control Ad campaign is hidden from the competitors Active involvement- the act of opening the mail and reading it Disadvantages: Selectivity problem Long lead times are required for creative printing and mailing Can be expensive, depending on the target market and size of the campaign Monitoring Advertising Dealing with advertising is still one of the hardest tasks facing marketing people.   It remains notoriously difficult to demonstrate this return, to show clearly that advertising is paying its way.   It is also difficult to understand how advertising works, how consumers respond to it.   How do we choose the best way of developing our advertising, testing it, checking it out, ensuring that it meets the objectives we have set for it let alone evaluating how far it has done so, and how we should improve it? (McDonald, 1998) Research Problem To analyze the change in content and pattern with regard to the nature of print advertisements in the pre-liberalization and post-liberalization era Research Objectives To understand liberalization and the changes resulting as a result of this measure To understand the implications of liberalization on advertising from a regulations perspective To trace the change in the nature of advertisements before and after liberalization Research Methodology The research will be qualitative in nature.   And the method which will be used will be content analysis. An analysis of the advertisements of top five brands in the soaps and chocolates category will be carried out, bathing Soaps, coming in daily usage category and chocolates in occasional usage category. Here print advertisements of the top five brands pre and post liberalization will be taken and a content analysis will be done on them. This will be used to track changes in pattern and using these two categories the results will be extrapolated for the FMCG category as such.

Enthalpy of Combustion Lab Report Essay

Aim: The aim of the following experiment is to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol when one mole of ethanol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of one and a half minutes. Background: Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1K. ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Differs from substance to substance. ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Water = 4.18 J g-1 K-1? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ethanol = 2.4 J g-1 K-1 The data booklet value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1371 KJ/mol. Apparatus: Instrument / Chemical: 1. Spirit lamp containing ethanol 2. Copper Calorimeter 3. Distilled Water 4. Stop Watch (?0.01s) 5. 1?50cm3 beakers 6. Retort Stand 7. Digital Thermometer (?0.1) 8. Digital Electronic Balance (?0.01g) 9. Stirring rod Method: 1. The mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is first determined accurately with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M1 (?0.01g). 2. Then a copper calorimeter is taken and the mass of the empty calorimeter is first determined. Then the calorimeter is filled with distilled water and the mass of the calorimeter along with water is then recorded. The two readings are then subtracted to determine the mass of the distilled water used in the experimental procedure with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M3 (?0.02g). 3. Then the calorimeter containing the water is placed on top of the retort stand and the digital thermometer is used to record the initial temperature of the water alone with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T1 (?0.1). 4. Then the spirit lamp is lit and is placed on top of the beaker below the retort stand in order to maintain a steady position of the lamp underneath the calorimeter containing the distilled water. 5. The spirit lamp is allowed to burn for a fixed time period of one and a half minutes while the water in the calorimeter is continuously stirred using the stirring rod; after which the final temperature of the water in the calorimeter is measured with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T2 (?0.1). 6. After the entire procedure the final mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is measured with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M2 (?0.01g). Hypothesis: The given experimental procedure is hypothesised to be a highly exothermic reaction as when ethanol is burnt in air the reaction gives out energy in the form of heat. When the spirit lamp (ignited) is placed directly below the calorimeter containing water, the heat energy released will result in a rise in temperature in the distilled water in the calorimeter. Variables: a). Independent Variables: 1. The amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. In each of the five trials, the amount of ethanol used differs and this helps in providing a variety of results and making the experiment more accurate. 2. The calorimeter in which the distilled water has been placed for each trial in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has been changed for each trial in order to provide more accuracy to the experiment. 3. The mass of the distilled water used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has also been changed for each trial in order to provide a variety of results and cover all aspects of the experimental procedure. b). Dependant Variables: In the conducted experimental procedure, the temperature of the measured mass of water in the calorimeter is the dependent variable. As the amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure differs, the temperature of the mass of water will also change depending on the amount of ethanol used. c). Controlled Variables: 1. The time for which the measured mass of distilled water is heated is kept constant as one and a half minutes throughout the experimental procedure. This is done to provide an accurate experiment. 2. The entire experiment is conducted in the same environment on the same day and in a secure room. 3. The stopwatch used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure. 4. The thermometer used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure. Observations: 1. The ethanol was burnt with a yellow flame. 2. Some black soot was formed on the bottom of the calorimeter after the spirit lamp was placed underneath it in the experimental procedure. 3. It was noted that when the mass of the spirit lamp was noted in the beginning of the experiment, the lamp was not warm. However after the ethanol was burnt and the mass of the spirit lamp was once again being recorded, the lamp was warm at the end of the experiment. 4. It was noted that while the spirit lamp was placed on the beaker perpendicularly below the calorimeter containing the distilled water, one could feel the warmth of the flame when one put out the flame after a period of one and a half minutes. Raw Data: Initial mass of spirit lamp = M1, Final mass of spirit lamp = M2, Mass of distilled water used in the experimental procedure = M3, Initial temperature of water = T1, Final temperature of water = T2, The following table N1 shows the raw data that has been recorded in order to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol while conducting the following experimental procedure: Processed Data: Mass of ethanol that has been used and burnt completely = M1 – M2 = MF, Rise in Temperature of the distilled water when the spirit lamp is placed directly below the calorimeter = T2 – T1 = TF, The following Table N2 gives the values of the mass of ethanol that has been used and the change in temperature of the distilled water solution. Sr. No. MF (?0.02g) TF (?0.2) 1. 168.50 – 166.85 = 1.65 38.2 – 27.2 = 11.0 2. 166.85 – 165.61 = 1.24 45.4 – 37.4 = 8.0 3. 159.00 – 157.50 = 1.50 36.2 – 26.5 = 9.7 4. 157.50 – 155.75 = 1.75 45.8 – 35.8 = 10 5. 155.75 – 154.44 = 1.31 51.1 – 44.3 = 6.8 For all five cases, molar mass of ethanol Mm, C2H5OH Amount of ethanol burnt = MF/Mm = A1, Heat energy required to raise the temperature of water by TF = M3 ? TF ? 4.18 = H1, Heat energy evolved by burning A1 moles of ethanol = H2, Heat energy evolved by burning 1 mole of ethanol = H2/A1 = H3, Enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol = The following table N3 gives the processed data for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol: Sr. No. A1 (mole) H1 (Joule) H2 (Joule) H3 (Kilo Joule) (KJ/mole) 1. (1.65 ? 46.1) = 0.00358 (4.18 ? 11 ? 78.22) = 3597 3597 (3597 ? 0.00358) = 1005 – 1005 2. (1.24 ? 46.1) = 0.00269 (4.18 ? 8 ? 78.08) = 2611 2611 (2611 ? 0.00269) = 971 – 971 3. (1.50 ? 46.1) = 0.00325 (4.18 ? 9.7 ? 82.73) = 3354 3354 (3354 ? 0.00325) = 1032 – 1032 4. (1.75 ? 46.1) = 0.00380 (4.18 ? 10 ? 82.55) = 3451 3451 (3451 ? 0.00380) = 908 – 908 5. (1.31 ? 46.1) = 0.00284 (4.18 ? 6.8 ? 82.3) = 2339 2339 (2339 ? 0.00284) = 823 – 823 Since the combustion of ethanol is an exothermic reaction, the sign of is negative. Hence from the above five trials an average value of the enthalpy of combustion can be taken as the following: Fair Test: 1. The experimental procedure is carried out in a safe environment under the same environmental conditions on the same day. 2. The time taken for each trial i.e. one and a half minute time period was followed as accurately as possible and with as much efficiency to avoid errors. 3. The stopwatch is used accurately and was reset after each trial reading. 4. While stirring the water alongside the experimental procedure one made sure that one did not disturb the digital thermometer in any possible way as even a small disturbance could affect the temperature readings obtained. Safe Test: 1. One used safety glasses and goggles while conducting the experiment to protect oneself from any chemical hazards. 2. Once the time period of one and a half minutes has elapsed, the cap of the spirit flame was placed over the wick of the spirit lamp with precision and safety. 3. Before starting the experiment, one made a double check about all the equipment being used in the experiment and whether the equipment is efficient or not. 4. One made use of the experimental hazcards that were given to one in order to prevent any chemical hazards from occurring. Errors and Analysis: The data booklet value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1371 KJ/mol. Hence the percentage error for this experimental procedure is: = [(1371 – 948) ? 1371] ? 100 = 30.9? This error is large and cannot be accounted for by the uncertainties in the experimental measurements. The major uncertainties lie in the underlying assumptions used in the experimental procedure such as the following: 1. It is assumed that complete combustion of ethanol takes place. However the fact that when ethanol was being burnt in air, it burnt with a yellow flame and the black soot on the calorimeter indicated that carbon, one of the products of incomplete combustion was also formed. 2. It is assumed that all the heat from the reaction was transferred to the distilled water in the calorimeter. It is true that some of the heat would have indeed been lost round the sides of the calorimeter and also from the inner system to the surroundings. 3. It is assumed that the glass stirrer, the digital thermometer and the calorimeter were not absorbing any heat but in reality these instruments are also being heated. 4. It is assumed that none of the ethanol escaped through evaporation during the time the flame was extinguished and the spirit lamp and its contents were reweighed. However, ethanol is a volatile liquid and the fact that the spirit lamp was hot indicates that some of it would have evaporated. Conclusion: In the carried experimental procedure one has determined the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol when one mole of ethanol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of one and a half minutes. One has successfully proven the hypothesis that has been made earlier. I had predicted beforehand that the reaction-taking place in the experimental procedure is an exothermic one. The fact that heat is given out when ethanol is burnt has been depicted by the temperature rise of the distilled water present in the calorimeter. Hence it is clearly evident that the combustion reaction of ethanol is an exothermic reaction. Suggestions for Improvement / Evaluation: 1. There should not be any disturbance in the room where the experiment is being conducted as one is trying to prevent any interference to the internal system. 2. While conducting the experiment, one should use a shield like device in order to cover the entire apparatus and prevent any heat transfer between the surrounding and the internal system. 3. More efficient equipment should be used in the conducted experimental procedure.